CAIIB Rural Banking Module A Unit 1 : Demographic Features

11/12/2023

Table of Contents

CAIIB Rural Banking Module A Unit 1 : Demographic Features (New Syllabus)

IIBF has released the New Syllabus Exam Pattern for CAIIB Exam 2023. Following the format of the current exam, CAIIB 2023 will have now four papers. The CAIIB Rural Banking includes an important topic called “Demographic Features”. Every candidate who are appearing for the CAIIB Certification Examination 2023 must understand each unit included in the syllabus.

In this article, we are going to cover all the necessary details of CAIIB Rural Banking Module A Unit 1 : Information Technology Act, 2000, Aspirants must go through this article to better understand the topic, Demographic Features and practice using our Online Mock Test Series to strengthen their knowledge of Demographic Features. Unit 1 : Demographic Features

Population

The second most populous country on earth, India, accounts for more than 17 per cent of world population with meagre 2.4 per cent of the world geographical area.
The state-wise population distribution, as per the last census 2011, indicates that Uttar Pradesh continues to be the most populous state, with about 200 million people. States of Maharashtra and Bihar have made the transition to more than 100 million population category.
As per the United Nations estimates, World population grew at annual rate of 1.23 per cent during 2000-2010, with developing countries like India, registering a higher growth rate of 1.30%. {2011}.
Population Pyramids represent complex changes in age structure of the population. In developed countries, the shape is almost cylindrical instead of a pyramid because of the high life expectancy, low fertility and relatively low population in reproductive age group.
Population of most of the developing countries, including India, consists of large proportions of children and persons in reproductive age group.
Sex ratio (number of females per thousand male), as per the 2011 census is 943. Much lower sex ratio of about 919 in case of 0-6 age group as revealed by census, shows preferences of male child is still prevalent, in a large part of the society. Lowest sex ratio was noticed in Haryana (877). Among the UTs, the lowest sex ratio has been recorded in Daman & Diu (618). India currently in stage three of demographic transition.

Literacy

Literacy is the ability to read, write and comprehend information, in order to communicate effectively. In India, while the adult literacy rate is measured for people aged above 15 years, the rate of youth literacy is measured for people aged between 15-24 years. Literacy rate is calculated by dividing the number of literates of a given age range by the corresponding age group population and multiply the result by 100.
India managed to achieve a literacy rate of 74.04 per cent in 2011 as compared to 64.80 per cent in 2001. While the female literacy rate in India as per Census 2001 was 53.7 per cent, the Census 2011 recorded it at 65.5 per cent.
The Constitution of India recognizes the importance of education for all. Therefore, it lays down several provisions to ensure proper and effective implementation of educational rights in the country.

These provisions include:

Education of Minorities: Article 30 of the Indian Constitution gives all minorities, the right to establish and administer institutions of their own choice.
Free and Compulsory Education: The Constitution of India structs the state to ensure that all citizens receive free education.
Equality of Opportunity in Educational Institutions: The fundamental right of equality clearly signifies that in the eyes of law, no one can be discriminated on the basis of status, caste, sex, class or creed. Article 21 (A) of the Constitution of India was amended to provide free and compulsory education as a fundamental right to all children aged between 6 and 14 years.

Education of Weaker Sections: Article 15, 17, and 46 of the Indian Constitution safeguard the educational interests of weaker sections of the society. These comprise socially, economically, and educationally backward families including those belonging to the scheduled castes (SCs), and the scheduled tribes (STs).

The following measures have been taken by the Government to improve literacy standards in India.

The government conducts various scholarship examinations and provides school uniform, textbooks and stationery, in order to encourage students and adults to take up studying.
The Mid-Day Meal Scheme was launched by the government in 1995, to provide students free food so as to improve enrolment, attendance, and retention in government schools.
Samagra Shiksha Program was launched by the government with the broader goal of improving school effectiveness. This will be measured in terms of equal opportunities for schooling and equitable learning outcomes.
Awareness campaigns were launched in rural areas to create perception among people about the importance of education. They were encouraged to attend and send their children to schools.

Sixth Economic Census

The Central Statistics Office, GOI, since its inception, has been instrumental in creation of database for various sectors of the economy and its periodic updation.
The Sixth Economic Census was conducted during the period January, 2013- April, 2014 in all the States and Union Territories of the country.
As per the results of the Sixth Economic Census, there are 58.50 million establishments in the country, engaged in different economic activities. Out of which, 34.80 million establishments (59.48 per cent) are in the rural areas and 23.70 million establishments (40.52 per cent) in the urban areas. Five states viz. Uttar Pradesh (11.43 per cent), Maharashtra (10.49 per cent), West Bengal (10.10 per cent), Tamil Nadu (8.60 per cent) and Andhra Pradesh (7.25 per cent), together accounted for about 50 per cent of the total establishments in the country.

Employment

About 131.29 million persons – 67.89 million (51.71%) in rural areas and 63.40 million (48.29 per cent) in urban areas, were reported to be employed in the establishments, as per the census. Among the agricultural activities, the maximum employment was found to be under the ‘livestock’ sector, with 19.42 million workers, constituting 84.86 per cent of the total employment in the agricultural sector.
Agricultural Establishments including agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery play a vital role in the Indian economy. As per estimates of the Central Statistics Office (CSO), its share was 16.3 per cent of the Gross Value Added (GVA), during 2020-21.
It is revealed that Gujarat had the maximum number of agricultural establishments (1.75 million) constituting 13.36 per cent of all agricultural establishments in the country.

Agriculture Census

The highlights of the All India Report on Agriculture Census 2015-16:

The total number of operational holdings in the country has increased from 138.35 million in 2010- 11 to 146.45 million in 2015-16, showing an increase of 5.86 per cent.
The total operated area in the country has decreased from 159.59 million ha. in 2010-11 to 157.82 million ha. in 2015-16, showing a decrease of 1.11 per cent.
The average size of operational holdings has declined to 1.08 ha. in 2015-16, as compared to 1.15 in 2010-11.
The percentage share of female operational holders has increased from 12.79 per cent in 2010-11 to 13.96 per cent in 2015-16.
The percentage share of wholly owned and self- operated holdings in total operational holdings has remained static at about 98 per cent, in 2010-11 and 2015-16.
The number of wholly leased-in holdings was estimated at 5.31 lakh (0.36 per cent) in 2015-16 and was highest in marginal category (4.54 lakh). Among the states, the highest share of wholly leased holdings in total operational holdings was observed in the state of Odisha (5.82 per cent)
The Gross cropped area has decreased marginally from 193.76 million hectare in 2020-11 to 191.76 million hectares in 2015-16. Among major states, Uttar Pradesh had the highest share.
The percentage share of net sown area in operated area has increased marginally from 88.5 per cent in 2010-11 to 88.7 per cent in 2015-16.
The cropping intensity has remained static at 1.37 during 2015-16 and 2010-11. Among the states, Punjab recorded the highest cropping intensity of 1.97, while Mizoram recorded the lowest cropping intensity of 1.00.

Socio Economic Development Indicators

Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI), is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development- a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions.
HDI was developed by Mahbub ul Haq and was further used to measure a country’s development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP)’s Human Development Report Office (HDRO).
The health dimension is assessed by life expectancy at birth and the education dimension is measured by mean of years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and more and expected years of schooling for children of school entering age. The standard of living dimension is measured by gross national income per capita.
HDI does not reflect on inequalities, poverty, human security, empowerment, etc. As per UNDP, India was ranked 131 out of 189 countries in the HDI Index Ranking 2020.

Gender Development Index

The GDI measures gender gaps in human development achievements by accounting for disparities between women and men in three basic dimensions of human development—health, knowledge and living standards, using the same component indicators as in the HDI. The GDI is the ratio of the HDIs calculated separately for females and males using the same methodology as in the HDI.

Health

According to the National Health Profile -2019, released recently by GOI, life expectancy in India has increased from 49.7 years in 1970-75 to 68.7 years in 2012-16. For the same period, the life expectancy for females is 70.2 years and 67.4 years for males. The infant mortality rate has declined considerably (33 per 1,000 live births in 2016), however differentials of rural (37) & urban (23) are still high.

Under the National Health Mission, GOI has launched several schemes and implementing them in coordination with the State Governments, for improving the health services to the population:

Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) program essentially looks to address the major causes of mortality among women and children as well as the delays in accessing and utilizing health care and services. It also introduces new initiatives like the use of Score Card to track health performance, National Iron + Initiative to address the issue of anemia, across all age groups and the Comprehensive Screening and Early interventions for defects at birth, diseases, and deficiencies among children and adolescents.
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK): is an important initiative aiming at early identification and early intervention for children from birth to 18 years, to cover 4 ‘D’s viz. Defects at birth, Deficiencies, Diseases, Development delays including disability.
Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram: The key principle of this program is adolescent participation and leadership, Equity and inclusion, Gender Equity and strategic partnerships with other sectors and stakeholders.
GOI has launched Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram, to motivate those who still choose to deliver at their homes to opt for institutional deliveries. It is an initiative with a hope that states would come forward and ensure that benefits under JSSK would reach every needy pregnant woman coming to government institutional facility.
National AIDS Control Organization was set up so that every person living with HIV has access to quality care and is treated with dignity.
National TB Control Program is a state-run tuberculosis control initiative of Government of India with a vision of achieving a TB free India. The program provides, free of cost/quality tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment services across the country through the government health system.
National Leprosy Eradication Program was initiated by the government, for early detection of the disease, through active surveillance by the trained health workers and to provide appropriate medical rehabilitation and leprosy ulcer care services.
The Government of India has launched Mission Indra Dhanush, with the aim of improving coverage of immunization in the country. It aimed to achieve at least 90 percent immunization coverage by December 2018, which was proposed to cover unvaccinated and partially vaccinated children in rural and urban areas of India.
Pulse Polio is an immunization campaign established by the government of India to eliminate polio in India, by vaccinating all children, under the age of five years, against the polio virus.
The Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) was announced with objectives of correcting regional imbalances in the availability of affordable/ reliable tertiary healthcare services and also to augment facilities for quality medical education in the country.
Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi, which provides financial assistance to the patients that are below poverty line and are suffering from life-threatening diseases, to receive medical treatment at any government run super specialty hospital/ institution.
National Tobacco Control Program was launched with the objective to bring about greater awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco use and about the Tobacco Control Laws and to facilitate the effective implementation of the Tobacco Control Laws.
Integrated Child Development Service launched to improve the nutrition and health status of children in the age group of 0-6 years, laid the foundation for proper psychological, physical and social development of the child, and to enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and nutrition needs, through proper nutrition and health education.
Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana is a government-run health insurance program for the Indian poor. It aims to provide health insurance coverage to the unrecognized sector workers belonging to the below poverty line and their family members shall be beneficiaries under this scheme.

Education

The 86th constitutional amendment made elementary education a fundamental right for the children between the age group of 6 to 14. In order to develop the higher education system, the government had established the University Grants Commission in 1953. The primary role of UGC was to regulate the standard and spread of higher education in India.
Under Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in admission) Act 2006, 7.5 per cent seats in the higher educational institutes are reserved for the scheduled tribes, 15 per cent for scheduled castes and 27 per cent for the non-creamy layers of the Other Backward Classes (OBCs). Some state Governments have tweaked the percentages to factor in local demographics, which constitution allows, e.g., in Tamil Nadu 18% is reserved for SC and 1% for ST. In Tribal dominated north east 60% seats are reserved for ST students.
Universalization of good quality basic education: According to data put out by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), the national drop-out rate at the primary level has reduced to 1.28 per cent in 2016, the drop out at the secondary level hovers around 17 per cent. 47 million young men and women dropped out of school by the 10th standard, according to the 2016 report published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Global Education Monitoring.

The following issues need to be examined

Less than 40 per cent of Indian adolescents attend secondary schools
Curriculum and teaching practices need upgradation in order to impart more relevant skills, such as critical and independent thinking
Public-private partnerships need to be explored
More vocational education is required to adequately prepare youth for current jobs.

Rural-urban Migration

According to a survey by UN State of the World Population report in 2007, by 2030, 40.76 per cent of country’s population is expected to reside in urban areas. Increase in population in urban areas to some extent can be attributed to rural–urban migration.

Causes for Migration

Marriage, Employment, Education, Lack of Security, Push and Pull Factors

Download PDF

CAIIB Rural Banking Module A Unit 1 ( Ambitious_Baba )