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Q.1. What is the new agreed-upon defence spending target as a percentage of GDP for NATO member countries, which represents a major jump from the previous 2% goal and aims to strengthen the alliance’s military capabilities?
Exp. NATO Leaders Commit to Historic 5% Defence Spending Target by 2035 at Hague Summit
NATO leaders officially agreed to raise annual defence spending to 5% of GDP by 2035, a significant increase from the previous 2% target
Of the 5%, 3.5% is earmarked for core military expenditures like troops, equipment, and ammunition, while the remaining 1.5% will go toward broader defence-related areas such as infrastructure and cybersecurity
The new spending commitment—which gained momentum under pressure from former US President Donald Trump—was hailed as a “transformational” move to enhance NATO’s collective defence, especially in response to threats from Russia.
While most allies reached consensus, Spain opted out, choosing to maintain defence spending at around 2.1% of GDP, drawing criticism from partners who argued full adherence was crucial.
Q.2. CBSE will conduct Class 10 board exams twice a year starting from the 2026 session, with the first phase in mid-February (results in April) and the second phase in May (results in June). The first phase of exams will be mandatory for all students, while the second phase will be optional. As per CBSE’s new examination norms aligning with NEP 2020, students appearing in the second phase will be allowed to improve their scores in how many subjects from core areas like science, mathematics, social science, and languages?
Exp. CBSE to Conduct Class 10 Board Exams Twice a Year from 2026 Session
CBSE will conduct Class 10 board exams twice a year starting from the 2026 session, with the first phase in mid-February (results in April) and the second phase in May (results in June).
The first phase of exams will be mandatory for all students, while the second phase will be optional, allowing students to improve performance in any three subjects out of science, mathematics, social science, and languages.
This change aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which aims to reduce the “high-stakes” pressure of board exams by giving students two opportunities in an academic year.
Q.3. What was the primary objective of the two agreements signed between India and South Africa during the 9th Joint Defence Committee meeting, which focused on enhancing bilateral defence capabilities and technology transfer?
(a) Joint development of fighter aircraft and training programs
(b) Cooperation on submarine design, construction, and maintenance
(c) Partnership for Advanced Missile Systems Research
(d) Collaboration on unmanned aerial vehicles (drone) technology
(e) Strengthening cybersecurity frameworks and protocols
Answer & Explanation
Ans.3.(c)
Exp. India, South Africa Sign Submarine Cooperation Pacts
India and South Africa signed two agreements on submarine cooperation during the 9th Joint Defence Committee (JDC) meeting held in Johannesburg, marking a significant step in bilateral defence ties.
Indian delegation, led by Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh, showcased India’s advances in defence manufacturing and exports, reaffirming commitment to stronger relations with South Africa.
The meeting, chaired on the South African side by Acting Secretary for Defence Dr. Thobekile Gamede, identified areas of mutual interest and mapped a path for deeper cooperation in the defence sector.
Q.4. According to the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change’s Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) conducted for 2020-2025, which protected area achieved the highest individual score, reflecting exceptional conservation and management practices?
Exp. Kerala tops the Management Effectiveness Evaluation of national parks and protected areas
Eravikulam National Park (ENP) in Kerala emerged as the highest-scoring protected area in India’s Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) 2020-2025, with a top score of 92.97%, sharing the spot with Dachigam National Park in Jammu & Kashmir.
Kerala secured the highest “Very Good” state rating with an overall MEE score of 76.22% for effective management of its 21 protected areas, outperforming Karnataka, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh, which received “Good” ratings.
Mathikettan Shola National Park in Kerala scored 90.63% and was recognized among “other well-managed sites”; the park plays a vital role as an elephant corridor and houses the rare Galaxy Frog, though systematic ecological monitoring is lacking.
The MEE covered 438 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries across India, with recommendations for protected areas like ENP including expanding adjoining regions, enhancing eco-tourism, eradicating invasive species, and improving collaboration for ecological monitoring and conservation awareness.
Q.5. What is the title of former Indian cricketer Shikhar Dhawan’s newly released autobiography, offering insights into his life and cricketing career?
Exp. Shikhar Dhawan Releases Autobiography “The One”
Former Indian cricketer Shikhar Dhawan has released his autobiography titled “The One: Cricket, My Life and More”, published by HarperCollins India.
The memoir provides a behind-the-scenes look at Dhawan’s cricketing career, highlighting key professional milestones, emotional challenges, and moments of personal transformation.
Q.6. Which team won the women’s title in the inaugural edition of the Hockey India Masters Cup 2025?
Exp. Odisha Women, Tamil Nadu Men Clinch Titles in Inaugural Hockey India Masters Cup 2025 in Chennai
Hockey Association of Odisha and Hockey Unit of Tamil Nadu won the women’s and men’s titles, respectively, in the inaugural edition of the Hockey India Masters Cup 2025.
The inaugural edition of the Hockey India Masters Cup was held at the Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, from June 18 to 27, 2025.
The Master Cup was for male players above 40 years of age, and for women, the age criterion was above 35 years.
Q.7. Consider the following statements regarding the eligibility and operational guidelines for private Indian companies to be designated as Renewable Energy Implementing Agencies (REIAs) as per recent Ministry of Power directives:
The applicant company must have a minimum net worth of more than ₹500 crore.
The applicant company must possess a long-term credit rating of A or above.
The applicant company’s own subsidiaries or group companies are allowed to participate as bidders in the bidding processes conducted by the REIA.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1 and 3 only
(e) 2 and 3 only
Answer & Explanation
Ans.7.(c)
Exp. Private Firms Eligible as REIAs to Boost Renewable Energy, But Experts Urge Strong Oversight on Trading Margins and National Priorities
Private Indian companies with a net worth over ₹500 crore and long-term credit rating of A or above can now be designated as Renewable Energy Implementing Agencies (REIAs) for five years, expanding eligibility beyond PSUs like NTPC, SJVN, SECI, and NHPC.
REIAs act as intermediary procurers, aggregating renewable power through tariff-based competitive bidding, signing back-to-back power sale agreements with developers and power purchase agreements with Discoms or consumers, and ensuring payment security for RE projects.
Designated REIAs must have a valid Category-I electricity trading licence from the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), board approval for REIA designation, and follow e-bidding procurement processes as per Section 63 of the Electricity Act 2003.
Guidelines prohibit REIA’s own subsidiaries or group companies from participating as bidders in their bidding processes and require eligibility criteria to be maintained in case of ownership changes, mergers, or demergers; terminated REIAs remain responsible for ongoing obligations.
Q.8. In the recently announced Kerala Sahitya Akademi 2024 literary awards recognizing outstanding contributions to Malayalam literature, which writer was honored with the award for best novel for his acclaimed work Aano?
Exp. The Kerala Sahitya Akademi announced the 2024 literary awards
The Kerala Sahitya Akademi announced the 2024 literary awards, honouring both new and established Malayalam writers across 14 categories, including novel, poetry, short story, drama, essay, biography, and more.
G R Indugopan won best novel for Aano, Anitha Thampi was awarded best poetry for Muringa Vazha Kariveppu, and V Shinilal received the short story award for Garisappa Aruvi Athava Oru Jalayathra.
Each award carries a cash prize of ₹25,000, a plaque, and a certificate, while Fellowship and Lifetime Contribution Awards include ₹50,000, a gold medal, a citation, a shawl, and a plaque.
Table of the main winners:
Category
Winner
Work
Novel
G R Indugopan
Aano
Poetry
Anitha Thampi
Muringa Vazha Kariveppu
Short Story
V Shinilal
Garisappa Aruvi Athava Oru Jalayathra
Essay (Sibi Kumar Endowment)
M Swaraj
Pookkalude Pusthakam
Drama
Sashidharan Naduvil
—
Literary Criticism
G Dileep
—
Scientific Literature
Deepak V
—
Biography/Autobiography
Dr K Rajashekharan Nair
—
Travel Writing
K R Ajayan
—
Translation
Chinthu Prakash
—
Children’s Literature
E N Sheeja
—
Humour
Niranjan
—
Fellowship
K V Ramakrishnan
—
Lifetime Contribution
Ezhacheri Ramachandran + 6 others
—
Q.9. According to the Brand Finance India 100 2025 report, which Indian company emerged as the fastest-growing brand, with its brand value rising by 82%?
Exp. Adani Group Emerges as Fastest-Growing Indian Brand in 2025
Adani Group was named the fastest-growing Indian brand in the Brand Finance India 100 2025 report, with its brand value surging by 82% to USD 6.5 billion, climbing from 16th to 13th place due to aggressive infrastructure expansion and green energy focus.
Tata Group retained its position as India’s most valuable brand for 2025, with brand value rising 10% to USD 31.6 billion, making it the first Indian brand to cross the USD 30 billion mark.
Infosys secured the second spot with a 15% increase in brand value to USD 16.3 billion, maintaining leadership in the IT services sector, while HDFC Group ranked third with 37% growth post-merger, reaching USD 14.2 billion.
LIC showed strong performance, placing fourth with a 35% brand value increase to USD 13.6 billion, while HCLTech climbed to eighth with 17% growth to USD 8.9 billion; L&T and Mahindra followed with notable brand value gains.
The collective brand value of India’s top 100 brands reached USD 236.5 billion in 2025, with emerging brands like L&T, JSW, Indian Oil, Adani, and others increasingly recognized globally, reflecting the growing strength of “Brand India” on the world stage.
Q.10. Who inaugurated the National Turmeric Board in Nizamabad, Telangana?
Exp. Amit Shah Inaugurated the National Turmeric Board in Telangana
Amit Shah has inaugurated the National Turmeric Board in Nizamabad, Telangana, and unveiled its official logo to mark a new chapter in farmer innovation and boosting the global competitiveness of Indian turmeric.
Shah also unveiled the statue of veteran leader D Srinivas, recognising his decades of service to the people of the region.
Q.11. National Statistics Day is celebrated annually in India on 29 June to highlight the importance of statistics in socio-economic planning and policy-making. National Statistics Day is celebrated to commemorate the birth anniversary of which renowned Indian statistician?
National Statistics Day is celebrated annually in India on 29 June to highlight the importance of statistics in socio-economic planning and policy-making.
Theme 2025 – 75 Years of National Sample Survey
The date marks the birth anniversary of the legendary statistician Prof. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (1893–1972), regarded as the father of Indian statistics.
He introduced the Mahalanobis distance in statistics, founded the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) in Kolkata, and played a crucial role in India’s second five-year plan with his statistical models for economic planning.
Q.12. Who has taken over as the 23rd Colonel of the Regiment of Garhwal Rifles?
Exp. Lt Gen DS Rana Assumes Role as 23rd Colonel of Garhwal Rifles Amidst Grand Ceremony in Lansdowne
Commander-in-Chief of Andaman & Nicobar Command, Lt Gen Dinesh Singh Rana, has taken over as the 23rd Colonel of the Regiment of Garhwal Rifles, succeeding Lt Gen NS Raja Subramani.
The ceremonial handing over of the baton was held at the Garhwal Rifles Regimental Centre in Lansdowne, Uttarakhand, with full military honours, highlighting the proud legacy of the regiment.
Lt Gen DS Rana received the Guard of Honour and paid homage at the War Memorial, honouring the supreme sacrifice of the bravehearts of the regiment, which comprises 27 Battalions including a Scouts Battalion.
Q.13. On which date is the International Day of the Tropics observed every year?
The International Day of the Tropics is observed every year on 29 June to celebrate the extraordinary diversity of the tropics while highlighting unique challenges and opportunities faced by tropical regions around the world.
The tropics — regions located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn — are home to around 40% of the world’s population, 80% of Earth’s biodiversity, and some of the fastest-growing economies.
Q.14. When is World Asteroid Day observed every year?
हरसालविश्वक्षुद्रग्रहदिवसकबमनायाजाताहै?
(a) 25 June
(b) 26 June
(c) 29 June
(d) 30 June
(e) 28 June
Answer & Explanation
Ans.14.(d)
Exp. 30 June – World Asteroid Day
World Asteroid Day is observed every year on 30 June to raise awareness about asteroids, their potential threat to Earth, and the importance of finding, tracking, and studying them.
The date marks the anniversary of the Tunguska event (30 June 1908), when a massive explosion caused by an asteroid or comet flattened around 2,000 square kilometers of Siberian forest — the largest asteroid impact on Earth in recorded history.
Q.15. Who has been re-appointed as the Chairman of the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT)?
Exp. Ravi Agrawal Re-appointed as CBDT Chairman for One Year
The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet has approved the re-appointment of Ravi Agrawal as Chairman of the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) on a contract basis for one year, from July 1, 2025, to June 30, 2026, or until further orders.
Ravi Agrawal, a 1988 batch IRS officer, has been a CBDT member (Administration) since July 2023 and succeeded 1986 batch IRS officer Nitin Gupta as CBDT Chairman in June 2024.
Recent Appointments
Chairman of Sona BLW Precision Forgings Ltd (Sona Comstar) - Jeffrey Mark Overly
First Indian-American Provost Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Anantha Chandrakasan (replace Cynthia Barnhart)
MD of Nippon Koei India - G. Sampath Kumar (replace Katsuya Fukasaku); becomes First Indian
