Table of Contents
Short Notes on Physics Matter:
Here we are providing the complete details about physics matter. candidates can read from here it covers many competitive exam.
Matter
Matter is considered as any thing which has weight and occupy space.
It exist in three states: Solid, liquid and gas.
In solid, molecules vibrate about fixed positions.
In liquid, molecules also vibrate but simultaneously they move freely throughout the material. In gas, the molecules are much farther apart than in solids and liquids and move at high velocities.
Interatomic Forces
The electrostatic force of interaction acting between the two or more atoms is called interatomic forces.
Solid
It is that, state of matter which has definite shape and definite volume. In this state molecules are very closely packed.
Properties of Solids
Elasticity
The property of a body by virtue of which it regain its original configuration after the removal of deforming force, is called elasticity.
Quartz and phosphor bronze are almost perfectly elastic bodies.
Plasticity
The property of a body by virtue of which it does not regain its original configuration after the removal of deforming force, is called plasticity.
Strain
The fraction I change in configuration i.e. length, volume and shape, is called strain. Strain has no unit.
On the basis of change in configuration, strain is of three types
Stress
The internal restoring force acting per unit area of cross-section of a deformed body, is called stress.
Stress is of two types
– Normal stress
– Tangential stress
The maximum deforming force upto which a body retains its property of elasticity is called the limit of elasticity of the material body.
The minimum stress required to break a wire is called breaking stress.
The torque required to produce a given twist in a hollow cylinder is greater than that required to produce the same twist in a solid cylinder. Therefore, hollow shaft is stronger than a solid shaft.
Springs are made of steel, not of copper as Young’s modulus of elasticity of steel is more than that of copper.
Elastic Limit
It is the limit of stress and strain upto which a wire remains elastic.
Plastic Behavior
If the wire is stretched beyond the elastic limit, the strain increases much more rapidly. If the stretching force is removed, the wire does not comes back to its natural length.
Fracture Point
If the deformation is increased further the plastic behaviour, the wire breaks at a point known as fracture point.
Ductile and Brittle Materials
If large deformation takes place between the elastic limit and the fracture point, the material is called ductile.
If the wire breaks soon after the elastic limit is crossed, it is called brittle.
Elastic Fatigue
It is the property of an elastic body by virtue of which its behaviour becomes less elastic under the action of repeated alternating deforming force. Due to elastic fatigue, the bridges becomes less elastic after a use of long time and therefore are declared unsafe.
Fluid
A substance which begins to flow under an external force is called a fluid. Liquids and gases are fluids.
Atmospheric Pressure
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere, is called atmospheric pressure.
Aneroid barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure and height of a place.
Other units of atmospheric pressure are torr and bar.
Pascal’s Law
The pressure exerted anywhere at a point of confined fluid is transmitted equally and undiminished, in all directions throughout the liquid.
Hydraulic lift, hydraulic press hydraulic brakes works on the basis of Pascal’s law.
Buoyancy
When a body is partially or wholly immersed in a liquid, an upward force acts on it, which is called buoyant force or upthrust and this property of fluids is called buoyancy.
Buoyant force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the submerged part of the body.
The buoyant force acts at the centre of gravity of the liquid displaced by the submerged part of the body, which is called ‘centre of buoyancy’.
Archimedes Principle
When a body is partially or completely immersed in a quid, it loses some of its weight. The loss in weight is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the submerged part of the body.
Law of Flotation
A body will float in a liquid if weight of the body is equal weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body.
In floating condition, the centre of gravity (g) and the centre of buoyancy (B) of the floating body must lie on the same straight line.
Ice and large icebergs float on water surface as its density (0.92 g/cm3) is lesser than the density of water.
When a piece of ice floats on water, its 11/12 th part submerged in water and (1/12) th part is outside the water.
In sea water, (8/ 9) th part of icebergs is submerged and (1/9) th part is outside the water during floating.
It is easier to swim in sea water than in a river as density of sea water is greater than the density of river water. In sea water, buoyant force is greater than that in river water.
The density of human body is less than the density of water but the density of human head is greater than the density of water. Therefore, during swimming a person displaces the liquid with hands and legs and total weight of displaced liquid becomes equal to the weight of the body.
Surface Tension
The property of a liquid by virtue of which it tries to minimise its free surface area is called surface tension.
The minimum surface area of a given amount of liquid is for spherical shape. Therefore, rain drops are spherical.
Factors Affecting Surface Tension
Temperature The surface tension of a liquid decreases with increase in temperature.
Soluble Impurities If the impurities are less soluble in liquid, then its surface tension decreases. If impurities are highly soluble in liquid, then its surface tension increases.
Applications of Surface Tension
Surface tension of a liquid becomes zero at critical temperature.
When soap, detergent, dettol, phenyl etc., are mixed in water then its surface tension decreases.
When salt is added in water, its surface tension increases.
When oil spreads over the surface of water, its surface tension decreases.
- When kerosene oil is sprinkled on water, its surface tension decreases. As a result, the larva of mosquitoes floating on the surface of water die due to sinking.
- Warm soup is tasty because at high temperature its surface tension is low and consequently the soup spreads on all parts of the tongue.
- Antiseptics like dettol have low surface tension and therefore it reaches in the tiny cracks of the wound and cleans the germs and bacteria.
- The surface tension of soap solution in water is less than the surface tension of pure water. Therefore, soap solution cleans greasy strains of clothes better than pure water.
Capillarity
The phenomenon of rising or falling of liquid column in a capillary tube (glass tube of very fine bore) is called capillarity.
Illustrations of capillarity
- A piece of blotting paper soaks ink because the pores of the blotting paper serve as capillary tubes.
- The oil in the wick of a lamp rises due to capillary action of threads in the wick.
- The root hairs of plants draws water from the soil through capillary action.
- To prevent loss of water due to capillary action, the soil is loosened and split into pieces by the farmers.
- If a capillary tube is dipped in water in an artificial satellite, water rises up to other end of tube because of its zero apparent weight, how long the tube may be.
- Action of towel in soaking up water from the body is due to capillary action of cotton in the towel.
- Melted wax, in a candle rises up to wick by capillary action.
Cohesive and Adhesive Forces
The intermolecular force of attraction acting between the molecules of same substance is called cohesive force.
e.g., Intermolecular force of attraction acting between the molecules of water, mercury etc.
The intermolecular force of attraction acting between the molecules of different substance is called adhesive force.
e.g., Intermolecular force of attraction acting between the molecules of paper and gum, paper and ink, etc.
Viscous force: The force which opposes the relative motion between different layers of liquid or gases is called viscous force.
Viscosity: Viscosity is the property of a liquid by virtue of which it opposes the relative motion between its different layers.
Viscosity is the property of liquids and gases both.
The viscosity of a liquid is due to cohesive force between its molecules.
The viscosity of a gas is due to diffusion of its molecules from one layer to other layer.
Viscosity of gases is much less than that of liquids. There is no viscosity in solids.
Viscosity of an ideal fluid is zero.
With rise in temperature, viscosity of liquids decreases and that for gases increases.
Viscosity of a fluid is measured by its coefficient of viscosity. Its SI unit is decapoise (kg/ms) or pascal second. It is generally denoted by η.
Stoke’s Law
According to this law, the viscous force depends upon the coefficient of viscosity, velocity of the moving object and its size.
Terminal Velocity
When a small spherical body falls through a long liquid column its velocity increases gradually but later on it becomes constant, called terminal velocity.
The radius of spherical rain drops is very small therefore their terminal velocity is also small, with which they strike the earth’s surface. When a liquid flow through a pipe, its speed i maximum near axis and minimum near the walls of the pipe.
Equation of Continuity
When a non-viscous liquid flows through a pipe of non-uniform cross-sectional area in stream-lined flow, (i.e. velocity at every point in the fluid remains constant) then at each section of the tube, the product of area of cross-section of the pipe and velocity of liquid remains constant, i.e. A × v = constant.
Therefore speed (v) of fluid flow becomes faster in narrower pipe.
Bernoulli’s Theorem
If a non-viscous and incompressible liquid is flowing in stream-lined flow then total energy, i.e., sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy, per unit volume of the liquid remains constant.
Venturi tube and aspirator pump works on Bernoulli’s theorem.
According to Bernoulli’s theorem, with increase in velocity of quid its pressure decreases and vice-versa.
During storms or cyclones, the roofs of the huts or tinned roofs blown off because wind blows with very high speed over the top of the roof and therefore pressure of air decreases. Due to the pressure difference of air above and below the roof, a lifting force acts on the roof. If it is sufficient to balance the weight of the roof it start to fly off.
Magnus Effect : Motion of a Spinning Ball
When swing bowlers deliver the ball, the ball changes its plane of motion in air.
