Table of Contents
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA)
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 was enacted to fight against the criminal offence of legalizing the income/profits from an illegal source. The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 enables the Government or the public authority to confiscate the property earned from the illegally gained proceeds.
The act was amended in the year 2005, 2009 and 2012.
On 24 Nov 2017, In a ruling in favour of citizens’ liberty, the Supreme Court has set aside a clause in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, which made it virtually impossible for a person convicted to more than three years in jail to get bail if the public prosecutor opposed it. (Section 45 of the PMLA Act, 2002, provides that no person can be granted bail for any offence under the Act unless the public prosecutor, appointed by the government, gets a chance to oppose his bail. And should the public prosecutor choose to oppose bail, the court has to be convinced that the accused was not guilty of the crime and additionally that he/she was not likely to commit any offence while out on bail- a tall order by any count.) (It observed that the provision violates Articles 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution)
Any person who directly or indirectly:
- Attempts to indulge.
- Assists the person who is actually involved in any process.
- Is a party to the activity connected with the proceeds of crime.
As the supply of illegal arms, drug trafficking, and prostitution, which can generate huge amounts of money and projecting or claiming it as untainted property; shall be guilty of the offence of Money Laundering.
The Act was formulated for the following objectives:
(i)Prevent money-laundering.
(ii)Combat/prevent channelising of money into illegal activities and economic crimes.
(iii)Provide for the confiscation of property derived from, or involved/used in, money-laundering.
(iv)Provide for matters connected and incidental to the acts of money laundering.
Money laundering vis-à-vis syphoning of funds
Mere earning of money or obtaining any property by committing a crime does not amount to money laundering, though it may amount to syphoning of funds. Obtaining or deriving any property by committing a crime which amounts to a Scheduled offence, and then projecting or claiming such money or property as untainted property amounts to money laundering.
Method of Operation
- The first stage is when the money derived through crime is introduced into the formal financial system called ‘placement‘.
- In the second stage, the money so introduced into the system is layered and spread over various transactions with a view to clear the tainted origin of the money and is called ‘layering‘.
- In the third and the final stage, the money enters the financial system in such a way that original association with the crime is sought to be cleared so that the money can then be used by the offender or person receiving it as clean money and this is called ‘integration‘.
Common Forms of Money Laundering
Hawala, bulk cash smuggling, fictional loans, cash-intensive businesses, round-tripping, trade-based laundering, Shell companies and trusts, real estate, gambling, and fake invoicing are some of the common methods of money laundering.
Proceeds of Crime
‘Proceeds of Crime’, means and includes, any property obtained or is derived directly or indirectly as a result of criminal activity relating to a Scheduled Offence.
Special Court
Section 43 of Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) says that the Central Government, in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court, shall, for trial of offence punishable under Section 4, by notification, designate one or more Courts of Session as Special Court or Special Courts for such area or areas or for such case or class or group of cases as may be specified in the notification.
List of Offences
Under PMLA, the commission of any offence, as mentioned in Part A and Part C of the Schedule of PMLA will attract the provisions of PMLA.
Some of the Acts and offences, which may attract PMLA, are enumerated below:
Part A enlists offences under various acts such as:
Indian Penal Code, Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, Prevention of Corruption Act, Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, Copyright Act, Trademark Act, Wildlife Protection Act, and Information Technology Act.
Part B specifies offences that are Part A offences, but the value involved in such offences is Rs 1 crore or more.
Part C deals with trans-border crimes and reflects the dedication to tackle money laundering across global boundaries.
Authorities Entrusted for Investigation
The Enforcement Directorate in the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, the Government of India is responsible for investigating the offences of money laundering under the PMLA.
Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND) under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance is an independent body reporting directly to the Economic Intelligence Council (EIC) headed by the Finance Minister. FIU-IND is the central national agency responsible for receiving, processing, analysing, and disseminating the information relating to suspect financial transactions. It is also responsible for:
Coordinating and strengthening the efforts of national and international intelligence,
Investigations for pursuing the global efforts against money laundering and related crimes.
The scheduled offences are separately investigated by agencies mentioned under respective acts, for example, the local police, CBI, customs departments, SEBI, or any other investigative agency, as the case may be.
Actions that can be Initiated Against the Person Involved in Money Laundering
(i)Seizure/freezing of property and records and attachment of property obtained with the proceeds of crime.
(ii)Any person who commits the offence of money laundering shall be punishable with –
- Rigorous imprisonment for a minimum term of three years and this may extend up to seven years.
- Fine (without any limit).
(iii)If the proceeds of crime involved in money laundering related to Part A (offence specified under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, then the punishment shall be –
- Rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend up to 10 years.
- Fine (without any limit).
Over the past decades, several anti-money laundering policies have been adopted to overcome laundering. Financial institutions and governments are constantly looking for new approaches to fight against the money launderers.
The banks and financial institutions play a pivotal role in the world of financial crime. It is important that they are properly trained on how to identify and handle money laundering. Almost every bank employee receives training in anti-money laundering, and all financial institution and banks are legally required to report any suspicious activity.
With the help of technology such as special compliance platforms, companies are now able to easily research their customers and ensure that they are not doing business with criminals.
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