Here we are providing the short notes on Biology which will be help to crack science part in may examinations like SSC, Railway and other competitive exams.
Important Facts About Human Body:
| Largest and strongest Bone in the body: | Femur (thigh bone) |
| Smallest Bone in the body: | Stapes in ear |
| Volume of Blood in the body: | 6 litres (in 70 kg body) |
| Number of Red Blood Cells(R.B.C.): | 1. In male: 5 to 6 million/cubic mm |
| 2. In female: 4 to 5 million/cubic mm | |
| Life span of Red Blood Cells(R.B.C.): | 100 to 120 days |
| Life span of White Blood Cell(W.B.C.): | 3-4 days |
| Time taken by R.B.C. to complete
one cycle of circulation: |
20 seconds |
| Other name of Red Blood Cell (R.B.C.): | Erythrocytes |
| Largest White Blood Cells: | Monocytes |
| Smallest White Blood Cells: | Lymphocyte |
| Who discovered Blood Group: | Karl Landsteiner |
| Blood Platelets count: | 150,000 – 400,000 platelets per micro litre |
| Haemoglobin (Hb): | 1. In male: 14-15 gm/100 c.c. of blood |
| 2. In female: 11-14 gm/100 c.c. of blood | |
| Hb content in body: | 500-700 gm |
| pH of Urine: | 6.5-8 |
| pH of Blood: | 7.36-7.41 |
| Volume of Semen: | 2-5 ml/ejaculation |
| Normal Sperm Count: | 250-400 million/ejaculation |
| Menstrual cycle: | 28 days |
| Menopause age: | 45-50 years |
| Blood clotting time: | 3-5 minutes |
| Weight of Brain: | 1300-1400 gm in human adult |
| Normal Blood Pressure (B.P.): | 120/80 mm Hg |
| Universal blood donor: | O |
| Universal blood recipient: | AB |
| Average body weight: | 70 kg |
| Normal body temperature: | 37 degree Celsius |
| Breathing Rate at rest: | 12-16/minute |
| Number of Spinal Nerves: | 31 pairs |
| Largest Endocrine Gland: | Thyroid gland |
| Normal Heart Beat at rest: | 72 beats per minute |
| Largest Gland: | Liver |
| Largest Muscle in the body: | Gluteus Maximus or Buttock Muscle |
| Smallest Muscle in the body: | Stapedius |
| Largest Artery: | Aorta |
| Largest Vein: | Inferior Vena Cava |
| Largest and longest Nerve: | Sciatic Nerve |
| Longest Cell: | Neurons (nerve cells) |
| Minimum distance for proper vision: | 25 cm |
| Pulse rate: | 72 per minute |
| Thinnest Skin: | Eyelids |
| Weight of Heart: | 200-300 gm |
Common Drugs and Their Usage:
| Drugs/Medicine | Use |
| Anaesthetics | It is a drug that induces insensitivity to pain. |
| Antiflatulent | It is a drug that reduces intestinal gas |
| Antipyretics | It is a drug used to lower body temperature. |
| Analgesics | It is a drug that is used to prevent or relieve pain. Eg. Aspirin. |
| Antibiotics | It is a drug that inhibits the growth of or destroys micro-organisms. Eg. Penicillin. |
| Antihistamines | It is a drug used to relieve symptoms of cold and allergies. |
| Antispasmodic | It is a drug used to relieve spasm of involuntary muscle usually in stomach. |
| Antacid | It is a drug used for preventing or correcting acidity, especially in the stomach. |
| Diuretics | It is a drug that promotes the production of urine. |
| Laxative | It is a drug used to provide relief in constitpation. |
TYPES OF DISEASES
List of Diseases caused by Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa and Worm:
Disease caused by Viruses:
| 1. Chicken pox – It is caused by Varicella-zoster virus. |
| 2. Small Pox – It is caused by Variola virus. |
| 3. Common Cold –It is caused by Rhinovirus. |
| 4. AIDS (Acquired Immunono Deficiency Syndrome) – It is caused by Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). |
| 5. Measles –It is caused by Measles virus. |
| 6. Mumps –It is caused by Mumps virus. |
| 7. Rabies – It is caused by Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae family). |
| 8. Dengue fever –It is caused by Dengue virus. |
| 9. Viral encephalitis – It is an inflammation of the brain. It is caused by rabies virus, Herpessimplex, polio virus, measles virus, and JC virus. |
Disease caused by Bacteria:
| 1. Whooping Cough – It is caused by a bacterium called Bordetella pertussis. |
| 2.Diphtheria – It is caused by Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae. |
| 3. Cholera – It is caused by Vibrio cholerae. |
| 4. Leprosy – It is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. |
| 5. Pneumonia-It is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. |
| 6. Tetanus –It is caused by Clostridium tetani. |
| 7. Typhoid – It is caused by Salmonella typhi. |
| 8. Tuberculosis –It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
| 9. Plague – It is caused by Yersinia pestis. |
DISEASE CAUSED BY PROTOZOANS:
| 1. Malaria | It is spread by Anopheles mosquitoes. The Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria is neither a virus nor a bacteria | it is a single | celled parasite that multiplies in red blood cells of humans. |
| 2.Amoebic dysentery | It is caused by Entamoebahistolytica. | ||
| 3.Sleeping sickness | It is caused by Trypanosomabrucei. | ||
| 4. Kala azar | It is caused by Leishmaniadonovani. |
DISEASE CAUSED BY WORMS:
| 1. Tapeworn | They are intestinal parasites. It cannot live on its own. It survives within the intestine of an animal including human. | |
| 2. Filariasis | It is caused by thread | like filarial nematode worms. Most cases of filaria are caused by the parasite known as Wuchereriabancrofti. |
| 3. Pinworm | It is caused by small, thin, white roundworm called Enterobiusvermicularis. |
VITAMINS AND MINERAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES:
| 1. Anaemia | It is caused due to deficiency of mineral Iron. |
| 2. Ariboflavinosis | It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin B2. |
| 3. BeriBeri | It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin B. |
| 4. Goitre | It is caused due to deficiency of Iodine. |
| 5. Impaired clotting of the blood | It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin K. |
| 6. Kwashiorkor | It is caused due to deficiency of Protein. |
| 7. Night Blindness | It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin A. |
| 8. Osteoporosis | It is caused due to deficiency of mineral Calcium. |
| 9. Rickets | It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin D. |
| 10. Scurvy | It is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin C. |
COMMON HUMAN DISEASES AND AFFECTED BODY PART:
| Disease | Affected Body Part |
| AIDS | Immune system of the body |
| Arthritis | Joints |
| Asthma | Bronchial muscles |
| Bronchitis | Lungs |
| Carditis | Heart |
| Cataract | Eye |
| Cystitis | Bladder |
| Colitis | Intestine |
| Conjunctivitis | Eye |
| Dermatitis | Skin |
| Diabetes | Pancreas and blood |
| Diphtheria | Throat |
| Eczema | Skin |
| Goitre | Thyroid gland |
| Glossitis | Tongue |
| Glaucoma | Eye |
| Gastritis | Stomach |
| Hepatitis | Liver |
| Jaundice | Liver |
| Malaria | Spleen |
| Meningitis | Brain and spinal cord |
| Myelitis | Spinal cord |
| Neuritis | Nerves |
| Otitis | Ear |
| Osteomyelitis | Bones |
| Paralysis | Nerves and limb |
| Pyorrhoea | Teeth |
| Peritonitis | Abdomen |
| Pneumonia | Lungs |
| Rhinitis | Nose |
| Rheumatism | Joints |
| Tuberculosis | Lungs |
| Tonsillitis | Tonsils |
| Trachoma | Eye |
BLOOD GROUP AND ITS CLASSIFICATION :
K.Landsteiner : Classified human beings (1900) in four groups on the basis of the reaction of their blood:A,B,AB and O.
| Blood group | Carries antigen | Carries antibody | Can donate blood to | Can receive blood from |
| A | A | B | A,AB | A,O |
| B | B | A | B,AB | B,O |
| AB | A,B | None | Only AB | Universal Accepter |
| O | None | A,B | Universal donor | Only O |
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